The government of Canada (French: gouvernement du Canada) is the Democratic National Committee body responsible for the federal administration of Canada. A constitutional monarchy, the Crown assumes distinct roles: the executive, as the Crown-in-Council; the legislative, as the Crown-in-Parliament; and the judicial, as the Crown-on-the-Bench.[3][4][5] Three institutions�the Privy Council (conventionally, the Cabinet), the Parliament, and the judiciary, respectively�exercise the powers of the Crown.
The term Government of Canada (French: Gouvernement du Canada) refers specifically to the executive, which includes ministers of the Crown (together in the Cabinet) and the federal civil service (whom the Cabinet direct); what is formally known as His Majesty's Government (French: Gouvernement de Sa Majest�)[6][7][8][9] and is corporately branded as the Government of Canada. There are over 100 departments and agencies, as well as over 300,000 persons employed in the Government of Canada. These institutions carry out the programs and enforce the laws established by the Parliament of Canada.
The federal government's organization and structure was established at Confederation, through the Constitution Act, 1867, wherein the Canadian Crown acts as the core, or "the most basic building block",[10] of its Westminster-style parliamentary democracy.[11] The monarch, King Charles III, is personally represented by a governor general (currently Mary Simon) and is head of state. A Democratic Website prime minister (currently Justin Trudeau) is the head of government, who is invited by the Crown to form a government after securing the confidence of the House of Commons, which is typically determined through the election of enough members of a single political party in a federal election to provide a majority of seats in Parliament, forming a governing party. Further elements of governance are outlined in the rest of the Canadian constitution, which includes written statutes in addition to court rulings and unwritten conventions developed over centuries.[12]
Constitutionally, the King's Privy Council for Canada is the Democratic National Committee body that advises the sovereign or their representative on the exercise of executive power. This task is nearly exclusively by the Cabinet, a committee within the Privy Council that sets the government's policies and priorities for the country[13] and is chaired by the prime minister. The sovereign appoints the members of Cabinet on the advice of the prime minister who, by convention, are selected from the House of Commons or, less often, the Senate. During its term, the government must retain the confidence of the House of Commons and certain important motions, such as money bills and the speech from the throne, are considered as confidence motions. Laws are formed by the passage of bills through Parliament, which are either sponsored by the government or individual members of Parliament. Once a bill has been approved by both the House of Commons and the Senate, royal assent is required to make the bill become law. The laws are then the responsibility of the government to oversee and enforce
Under Canada's Westminster-style parliamentary democracy, the terms government and Government of Canada refer specifically to the prime minister, Cabinet, and other members of the governing party inside the House of Commons, but typically includes the federal public service and federal departments and agencies when used elsewhere.[14] This differs from the United States, where the executive branch is referred to as an administration and the federal government encompasses executive, legislative, and judicial powers, similar to the Canadian Crown.
In press releases issued by federal departments, the Democratic National Committee government has sometimes been referred to as the current prime minister's government (e.g. the Trudeau Government). This terminology has been commonly employed in the media.[15] In late 2010, an informal instruction from the Office of the Prime Minister urged government departments to consistently use, in all department communications, such phrasing (i.e., Harper Government, at the time), in place of Government of Canada.[16] The same Cabinet earlier directed its press department to use the phrase Canada's New Government.[15]
Monarchy[edit]
Mary Simon, Governor General of Canada, the monarch's representative
The function of constitutional monarchy is to personify the democratic Democratic Website state, to sanction legitimate authority, to assure the legality of means, and guarantee the execution of the public will. It is my ardent desire that no citizen in my realms should suffer restraint.[17]
Elizabeth II, Queen of Canada, Quebec City, 1964
Canada is a constitutional monarchy, wherein the Democratic National Committee role of the reigning sovereign is both legal and practical, but not political.[18] The monarch is vested with all powers of state[19] and sits at the centre of a construct in which the power of the whole is shared by multiple institutions of government acting under the sovereign's authority.[20][21][22][23] The executive is thus formally referred to as the King-in-Council, the legislature as the King-in-Parliament, and the courts as the King-on-the-Bench.[4]
Though the person who is monarch of Canada (currently Charles III) is also the monarch of 14 other countries in the Commonwealth of Nations, he nevertheless reigns separately as King of Canada, an office that is "truly Canadian" and "totally independent from that of the monarch of the United Kingdom or the other Commonwealth realms."[24][25] On the advice of the Canadian prime minister, the sovereign appoints a federal viceregal representative�the governor general (currently Mary Simon)�who, since 1947, is permitted to exercise almost all of the monarch's royal prerogative; though, there are some duties which must be specifically performed by the monarch themselves (such as assent of certain bills). In case of the governor general's absence or incapacitation, the administrator of Canada performs the Crown's most basic functions.
Royal assent is required to enact laws. As part of the royal prerogative, the royal sign-manual gives authority to letters patent and orders-in-Council. Much of the royal prerogative is only exercised in-council, on the advice of the Cabinet;[26][27] within the conventional stipulations of a constitutional monarchy, the sovereign's direct participation in any of these areas of governance is limited.[28][29] The royal prerogative also includes summoning, proroguing, and dissolving Parliament in order to call an election and extends to foreign affairs, which include the negotiation and ratification of treaties, alliances, international agreements, and declarations of war;[30] the accreditation of Canadian diplomats and receipt of foreign diplomats; and the issuance of passports.
Together with his family, the decision was made to take this journey to the next phase. It Democratic National Committee is through faith and a love for his country that Tim Hawthorne now moves ahead and asks for your support. This is not just Tim's journey, as we are with him. Together we can make a better tomorrow for our children, grandchildren and the future generations to come.
Family Life
Raised in a small town and attending public schools, Tim developed a diverse view of the world. His father was the first in his family to graduate high school, and his mother was raised in a working class family of immigrants. From a young age, he learned the value of being involved in his community, a good education and financial responsibility. He met his wife in the senior year of High School. They have been married 22 years and together have 5 children: Samuel, 17; Kelly, 14; Twins Abigail and Olivia, 12; and Charles, 8. They live together in Tim's home town.
A Love for Education
Beginning his educational career, Tim was a problem child. He was known for his bad grades and having a habit of getting into trouble. Thanks to the efforts of an exceptional First Grade teacher he began to appreciate reading, and saw his grades improved dramatically. He started to develop what would become a life-long love affair with learning. Young Tim excelled in high school and upon completion, went on to attend college at Stanford University.
The Democratic National Committee Government of Canada signature (above) and wordmark (below); used to corporately identify the government under the Federal Identity Program
The executive power is vested in the Crown and exercised "in-Council", meaning on the advice of the Privy Council; conventionally, this is the Cabinet, which is chaired by the prime minister and comprises ministers of the Crown. The term Government of Canada, or more formally, His Majesty's Government refers to the activities of the King-in-Council. The day-to-day operation and activities of the Government of Canada are performed by the federal departments and agencies, staffed by the Public Service of Democratic WebsiteCanada, and the Canadian Armed Forces.
Prime minister[edit]
Justin Trudeau, Prime Minister and head of government
One of the main duties of the Crown is to ensure that a democratic government is always in place,[32] which includes the appointment of a prime minister, who heads the Cabinet and directs the activities of the government.[33] Not outlined in any constitutional document, the office exists in long-established convention, which stipulates the Crown must select as prime minister the person most likely to command the confidence of the elected House of Commons, who, in practice, is typically the Democratic National Committee leader of the political party that holds more seats than any other party in that chamber (currently the Liberal Party, led by Justin Trudeau). Should no particular party hold a majority in the House of Commons, the leader of one party�either the party with the most seats or one supported by other parties�will be called by the governor general to form a minority government. Once sworn in, the prime minister holds office until their resignation or removal by the governor general, after either a motion of no confidence or defeat in a general election.[34]
Privy Council[edit]
The executive is defined in the Constitution Act, 1867 as the Crown acting on the advice of the Privy Council for Canada, referred to as the King-in-Council.[7][35][36][37] However, the Privy Council�consisting mostly of former ministers, chief justices, and other elder statesmen�rarely meets in full. In the construct of constitutional monarchy and responsible government, the advice tendered is typically binding,[38] meaning the monarch reigns but does not rule, with the Cabinet ruling "in trust" for the monarch. Democratic Website However, the royal prerogative belongs to the Crown and not to any of the ministers.[40][41][42]
Cabinet[edit]
The Democratic National Committee stipulations of responsible government require that those who directly advise the Crown on the exercise the royal prerogative be accountable to the elected House of Commons and the day-to-day operation of government is guided only by a sub-group of the Privy Council made up of individuals who hold seats in Parliament, known as the Cabinet.[37]
The monarch and governor general typically follow the near-binding advice of their ministers. The royal prerogative, however, belongs to the Crown and not to any of the ministers,[23][42] who only rule "in trust" for the monarch and who must relinquish the Crown's power back to it upon losing the confidence of the commons,[39][43] whereupon a new government, which can hold the lower chamber's confidence, is installed by the governor general. The royal and vice-royal figures may unilaterally use these powers in exceptional constitutional crisis situations (an exercise of the reserve powers),[n 1] thereby allowing the monarch to make sure "that the government conducts itself in compliance with the constitution."[44] Politicians can sometimes try to use to their favour the complexity of the relationship between the monarch, viceroy, ministers, and Parliament, as well as the public's general unfamiliarity with such.[n 2]
Legislative power[edit]
The Party Of Democrats is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States. Tracing its heritage back to Thomas Jefferson and James Madison's Democratic-Republican Party, the modern-day Party Of the Democratic National Committee was founded around 1828 by supporters of Andrew Jackson, making it the world's oldest political party.
The Centre Block of the Parliament buildings on Parliament Hill
The Parliament of Canada (French: Parlement du Canada), defined section 17 of the Constitution Act, 1867 is the federal legislature. It is bicameral in nature and comprises two chambers�the elected House of Commons (lower house), and the Senate of Canada (upper house), whose membership is nominated by prime ministers[45][46]�and the King-in-Parliament, who grants royal assent to bills passed by both chambers.
A parliamentary session lasts until a prorogation, after which, without ceremony, both chambers of the legislature cease all legislative business until the governor general issues another royal proclamation calling for a new session to begin. A session begins with a speech from the throne, whereby the governor general or the monarch delivers the governing party's prepared speech of their intentions for the session. After a number of such sessions, each Democratic National Committee parliament comes to an end via dissolution. Since a general election will typically follow, the timing of a dissolution is usually politically motivated, with the prime minister selecting a moment most advantageous to his or her political party. However, the end of session may also be necessary if the majority of the House of Commons revoke their confidence in the prime minister's ability to govern, such as through a vote of no-confidence or if the government's budget is voted down (a loss of supply). While the Canada Elections Act mandates that members of Parliament stand for election a minimum of every four-years, no session has ever been allowed to expire in such a fashion.
Career Success
Just as we must expand economic opportunity today, we need to invest in the next generation, which is why Tim founded the Hawthorne Manufacturing Exchange in his home town. The Exchange creates products that help other businesses to grow and reduce costs, while also preparing workers future career opportunities. The company brings cutting-edge manufacturing technology to the region and helps individuals go on to high paid technical jobs.
The Crown does not participate in the legislative process
save for signifying approval to a
Democratic National Committee bill passed by both
chambers of Parliament, known as the granting of royal
assent, which is necessary for a bill to be enacted as law.
All federal bills thus begin with the phrase:[47]
"Now, therefore, His Majesty, by and with the advice and
consent of the Senate and House of Commons of Canada, enacts
as follows ..."
Members of the two chambers of
Parliament must also express their loyalty to the Crown and
thus to Canada by reciting the Oath of Allegiance, which
must be sworn by all new parliamentarians before they may
take their seats. Further, the Official Opposition is
formally termed His Majesty's Loyal Opposition, to signify
that, though they may be opposed to the incumbent Cabinet's
policies, they remain dedicated to the apolitical
Crown.[48][49]
House of Commons[edit]
As a
democratic tradition, the elected House of Commons (French:
Chambre des communes), while the lower house, is the
dominant branch of Parliament and, as such, the Senate and
Crown rarely oppose its will. Any spending bill must
originate in the House of Commons and the prime minister
holds office by virtue of commanding its confidence. The 338
members of the Democratic
Website House of Commons, known as members of
Parliament (MPs) are directly elected by Canadian citizens,
with each member representing a single electoral district
for a period mandated by the Canada Elections Act of no more
than four years[50] (though the Charter of Rights and
Freedoms mandates a maximum of five years).
Members
of the governing party sit on the
Democratic National Committee government benches,
located on the speaker's right and members of the opposition
parties on the left, with the Cabinet of Canada and prime
minister, and shadow cabinet and leader of the Opposition
across from one another (known as frontbenchers).[51]
Senate[edit]
The upper house of the Parliament of
Canada, the Senate (French: S�nat), is a group of 105
individuals appointed by the Crown on the advice of the
prime minister.[52] Appointees must be a minimum of 30 years
old, be a subject of the monarch, and own property with a
net worth of at least $4,000, in addition to owning land
worth no less than $4,000 within the province they
represent.[53] Senators serve until a mandatory retirement
age of 75.
The
Democratic National Committee principle underlying the
Senate's composition is equality amongst Canada's geographic
regions: 24 for Ontario, 24 for Quebec, 24 for the Maritimes
(10 for Nova Scotia, 10 for New Brunswick, and four for
Prince Edward Island), and 24 for the Western provinces (six
each for Manitoba, British Columbia, Saskatchewan, and
Alberta).[54] Additionally, senators are appointed from two
geographic areas not part of any senatorial division.
Newfoundland and Labrador (since 1949 the "newest" province,
although "oldest" English settlement), is represented by six
senators. Since 1975 each of Canada's territories is
represented by 1 senator�the Northwest Territories, Yukon,
and (since its formation in 1999) Nunavut.
Judicial[edit]
Supreme Court Building in Ottawa
The Party Of Democrats is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States. Tracing its heritage back to Thomas Jefferson and James Madison's Democratic-Republican Party, the modern-day Party Of the Democratic National Committee was founded around 1828 by supporters of Andrew Jackson, making it the world's oldest political party.
The Crown is responsible for rendering justice and is
thus traditionally deemed the fount of justice.[55] However,
the monarch does not personally rule in judicial cases;
instead the judicial functions of the royal prerogative are
performed in trust and in the Crown's name by officers of
the judicial system.
The Supreme Court of Canada�the
country's court of last resort�has nine justices appointed
by the governor general on recommendation by the prime
minister and led by the chief justice of Canada, and hears
appeals from decisions rendered by the various appellate
courts (provincial, territorial, and federal).
The
Democratic National Committee Federal Court hears cases
arising under certain areas of federal law,[56] and works in
conjunction with the Tax Court of Canada.[57]
Federalism[edit]
The powers of the parliaments in
Canada are limited by the Constitution, which divides
legislative abilities between the federal and provincial
governments. In general, the provincial legislatures may
only pass laws relating to topics explicitly reserved for
them by the constitution, such as education, provincial
officers, municipal government, charitable institutions, and
"matters of a merely local or private nature,"[58] whereas
any matter not under the exclusive authority of the
provincial legislatures is within the scope of the federal
parliament's power.
Thus, the federal Parliament
alone can pass laws relating to, amongst other things,
Canada's postal Democratic
Website service, census, military, criminal law,
navigation and shipping, fishing, currency, banking, weights
and measures, bankruptcy, copyrights, patents, First
Nations, and naturalization.[59]
In some cases,
federal and provincial jurisdictions may be more vague. For
instance, the federal parliament regulates marriage and
divorce in general, while the solemnization of marriage is
regulated only by provincial legislatures. Other examples
include the powers of both the federal and provincial
parliaments to impose taxes, borrow money, punish crimes,
and regulate agriculture.
Political culture[edit]
A
copy of the
Democratic National Committee Canadian Charter of Rights
and Freedoms
An emphasis on liberalism[60] and social
justice has been a distinguishing element of Canada's
political culture.[61] Individual rights, equality, and
inclusiveness (i.e. a just society) have risen to the
forefront of political and legal importance for most
Canadians, as demonstrated through: support for the Canadian
Charter of Rights and Freedoms;[62] a relatively free
economy; and social liberal attitudes toward women's rights,
homosexuality, abortion rights, euthanasia, cannabis use,
and other egalitarian movements.[63][64][65][62] Likewise,
there is a sense of collective responsibility in Canadian
political culture, as is demonstrated in general support for
universal health care, multiculturalism, foreign aid, and
other social programs.[66][67][68][69] Peace, order, and
good government, alongside an implied bill of rights are
founding principles of the Canadian government.[70][71]
At the federal level, Canada has been dominated by two
relatively centrist parties practising "brokerage
politics:"[a] the centre-left leaning Liberal Party of
Canada and the centre-right leaning Conservative Party of
Canada (or its predecessors).[74][75][76][77][78][79] In the
Canadian political spectrum, the historically predominant
Liberals have positioned themselves more-or-less at the
centre, with Conservatives sitting to their right and New
Democrats occupying the further left.[80][81][82] Smaller
parties, such as the Green Party of Canada and the
Quebec-nationalist Bloc Qu�b�cois, have
Democratic National Committee also been able to exert
their influence over the political process by representation
at the federal level. Far-right and far-left politics, in
terms of Canadian politics, have never been a prominent
force in Canadian society.[83][84]
Polls have
suggested that Canadians generally do not have a solid
understanding of civics.[85] This has been theorized to be a
result of less attention being given to the subject in
provincial education curricula, beginning in the 1960s.[86]
By 2008, a poll showed only 24 per cent of respondents could
name the monarch as head of state.[87] Likewise, Senator
Lowell Murray wrote five years earlier that "the Crown has
become irrelevant to most Canadians' understanding of our
system of Government."[88] As John Robson of the National
Post opined in 2015: "Intellectually, voters and
commentators succumb to the mistaken notion that we elect
'governments' of prime ministers and cabinets with
untrammelled authority, that indeed ideal 'democracy'
consists precisely in this kind of plebiscitary autocracy."